Because the energy transition continues to unfold, US electrical car (EV) pioneer Tesla (NASDAQ:TSLA) has been making strikes to safe provide of the uncooked supplies it wants to fulfill its manufacturing targets.
Lithium particularly has caught the eye of CEO Elon Musk. Again in 2020, the battery metal had a highlight second at Tesla’s Battery Day, when Musk shared that the corporate had purchased tenements within the US state of Nevada, and was on the lookout for a brand new option to produce lithium from clay — a course of but to be confirmed at industrial scale.
Since then, lithium prices have hit all-time highs and stayed elevated. Costs for different key battery metals have additionally elevated, resulting in greater prices for batteries themselves — in response to Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, uncooked supplies at present make up about 80 p.c of battery prices, up from round 40 p.c again in 2015.
“Worth of lithium has gone to insane ranges,” Musk tweeted again in April 2022. “There isn’t a scarcity of the aspect itself, as lithium is sort of all over the place on Earth, however the tempo of extraction/refinement is sluggish.”
Most lithium mining occurs in Australia from hard-rock sources and in Chile from brines. However lithium refining is dominated by China, which at present accounts for greater than 75 p.c of worldwide lithium processing capability.
“I’d wish to as soon as once more urge entrepreneurs to enter the lithium-refining enterprise. The mining is comparatively straightforward, the refining is way tougher,” Musk mentioned throughout a July 2022 earnings name for Tesla, including there are software-like margins to be made within the lithium processing enterprise. “You possibly can’t lose, it’s a license to print cash.”
Do Tesla batteries have lithium and cobalt?
As talked about, it wasn’t simply lithium that noticed costs climb in 2021 — cobalt doubled in price that very same yr, and though it has pulled again, the battery metallic stays important for EV batteries. Most cobalt mining takes place within the Democratic Republic of Congo, which has been typically related to little one labor and human rights abuses, fueling issues over long-term provide.
In its batteries, Tesla is thought for utilizing nickel–cobalt–aluminum (NCA) cathodes developed by Japanese firm Panasonic (OTC Pink:PCRFF,TSE:6752). Any such cathode has greater vitality density and is a low-cobalt possibility, however has been much less adopted by the business in comparison with the extensively used nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) cathodes. Except for that, South Korea’s LG Power Options (KRX:373220) is engaged on supplying Tesla with batteries utilizing nickel-manganese-cobalt-aluminum cathodes.
That mentioned, not all Tesla’s batteries comprise cobalt. For its standard-range autos, Tesla mentioned in 2021 that it was altering the battery chemistry it makes use of to lithium-iron–phosphate (LFP) cathodes, that are cobalt- and nickel-free. On the time, the corporate was already making autos with LFP chemistry at its manufacturing unit in Shanghai, which provides markets in China, the Asia-Pacific area and Europe.
How a lot lithium is in a Tesla battery?
How a lot lithium do Tesla batteries truly comprise? For these within the EV area, it is a honest query to ask.
The reply is that though it won’t be an enormous quantity in comparison with different uncooked supplies, lithium can turn out to be a hurdle for any EV maker if there’s not sufficient, and sufficient of the proper high quality.
Again in 2016, Musk mentioned batteries do not want as a lot lithium as they want nickel or graphite — describing lithium as “the salt in your salad” and saying it’s about 2 p.c of the cell mass.
Steel content material of battery chemistries by weight.
Chart through BloombergNEF.
However a key issue to recollect is quantity — given the quantity of batteries Tesla must ship its bold objectives, if it could actually’t safe a gradual provide of uncooked supplies, it might hit a bottleneck. In fact, that is true not only for Tesla, however for each carmaker producing EVs as we speak and setting targets for many years to come back.
For that cause, demand for lithium is predicted to soar in coming years. By 2030, Benchmark Mineral Intelligence forecasts that lithium demand will attain 2.4 million metric tons (MT) of lithium carbonate equal — a lot greater than the forecasted 600,000 MT of provide anticipated to be produced in 2022.
Which lithium corporations provide Tesla?
It is necessary to know that there’s not just one firm that provides lithium to Tesla.
On the finish of 2021, Tesla inked a contemporary three yr lithium provide take care of top lithium producer Ganfeng Lithium (OTC Pink:GNENF,SZSE:002460). The Chinese language firm will present merchandise to Tesla for 3 years ranging from 2022. Main miners Livent (NYSE:LTHM) and Albemarle (NYSE:ALB) even have provide contracts in place with the EV maker, and China’s Sichuan Yahua Industrial Group (SZSE:002497) agreed to produce battery-grade lithium hydroxide to Tesla again in 2020 for a interval of 5 years.
The corporate additionally holds offers with junior miners for manufacturing that’s but to come back on stream. Liontown Sources (ASX:LTR,OTC Pink:LINRF) is set to supply Tesla with lithium spodumene focus from its AU$473 million Kathleen Valley mission. The deal is for an preliminary 5 yr interval set to start in 2024, conditional on Liontown beginning industrial manufacturing by 2025.
Core Lithium (ASX:CXO,OTC Pink:CXOXF) was beforehand in talks with Tesla to produce the automotive firm with lithium from its Finniss mission, however negotiations collapsed final October. The lithium agency remains open to sustaining additional dialogue with Tesla.
In January 2023, Tesla amended its agreement with Piedmont Lithium (ASX:PLL,NASDAQ:PLL), which is now set to produce the US automaker with spodumene focus from the past-producing North American Lithium operation — a mission Piedmont is growing with Sayona Mining (ASX:SYA,OTCQB:SYAXF). Beneath the amended settlement, the ASX-listed firm will ship roughly 125,000 MT of spodumene focus to Tesla starting within the second half of 2023 via to the tip of 2025.
Despite the fact that Tesla has secured lithium from all these corporations, the EV provide chain is a bit more complex than shopping for lithium straight from miners. Tesla additionally works with battery makers, corresponding to Panasonic and CATL (SZSE:300750), which themselves work with different chemical corporations that safe their very own lithium offers.
What firm makes Tesla’s batteries?
Tesla is at present working with Japanese firm Panasonic, its longtime associate, and South Korea’s LG Power Options, the second largest battery provider on this planet. They provide the EV maker with cells containing nickel and cobalt.
China’s CATL has been supplying LFP batteries to Tesla for automobiles made at its Shanghai plant since 2020. It’s also been reported that BYD Firm (OTC Pink:BYDDF,SZSE:002594) will quickly provide Tesla with its Blade battery, a much less cumbersome LFP battery.
Are Tesla’s batteries costly due to lithium prices?
Battery prices have been rising on the again of inflation, worth hikes for uncooked supplies and the continued Russia-Ukraine struggle, amongst different components. Uncooked supplies, together with lithium, at present make up about 80 p.c of battery prices, up from round 40 p.c again in 2015, in response to info from Benchmark Mineral Intelligence.
Lithium costs are at historic highs, and it’s not solely spot costs which can be climbing — lithium producers have mentioned contract costs are additionally up, with some transferring from fastened to extra variable agreements.
Is there sufficient lithium for electrical automobiles?
There’s loads of lithium within the Earth’s crust, however extracting, processing and qualifying it for its use in EVs is a unique story. Lithium demand from the EV sector is rising, a development that’s anticipated to proceed all through the last decade. However provide will not be maintaining, with many analysts and even lithium producers forecasting a good market forward.
In the meanwhile, there aren’t sufficient uncooked supplies within the pipeline to take the vast majority of EV makers past 2030, as per Benchmark Mineral Intelligence.
Will Tesla purchase a lithium mine?
For carmakers, securing lithium provide to fulfill their electrification objectives is changing into a problem, which is why the query of whether or not they’ll turn out to be miners sooner or later continues to come back up.
As talked about, again in 2020, Musk stunned the lithium business by saying Tesla had acquired the rights to lithium-rich clay deposits in Nevada; it mentioned it had discovered a option to mine the fabric in a sustainable and easy manner — utilizing desk salt and water.
However mining lithium will not be straightforward, and regardless of hypothesis, it is exhausting to think about an automaker being concerned in it, SQM’s (NYSE:SQM) Felipe Smith said. “It’s a must to construct a studying curve — the resources are all completely different, there are various challenges by way of technology — to succeed in a constant high quality at an inexpensive price,” he mentioned. “So it is troublesome to see that an unique tools producer (OEM), which has a very completely different focus, will actually interact into these challenges of manufacturing.”
Even so, OEMs are coming to the belief that they could must construct up EV provide chains from scratch after the capital markets’ failure to step up, as per Benchmark Mineral Intelligence’s Simon Moores. Moreover, automotive OEMs which can be making EVs will in impact must turn out to be miners.
“I do not imply precise miners, however they’re going to have to start out shopping for 25 p.c of those mines in the event that they wish to assure provide — paper contracts will not be sufficient,” he mentioned.
That is an up to date model of an article first revealed by the Investing Information Community in 2022.
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Securities Disclosure: I, Priscila Barrera, maintain no direct funding curiosity in any firm talked about on this article.
Editorial Disclosure: The Investing Information Community doesn’t assure the accuracy or thoroughness of the data reported within the interviews it conducts. The opinions expressed in these interviews don’t replicate the opinions of the Investing Information Community and don’t represent funding recommendation. All readers are inspired to carry out their very own due diligence.
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